Conclusions
The clinical use of biomarkers in heart failure is summarised in Table 3. Natriuretic peptides, namely BNP and NT-proBNP, are wellestablished for diagnostic process of heart failure and prediction of disease prognosis, both acutely and chronically. They may also be helpful in screening patients at risk for heart failure. Importantly, natriuretic peptides may help to guide chronic heart failure therapy, but guidelines in Europe2 and the USA41 do not agree on the potential clinical implementation of such an approach. Many other biomarkers have shown to be of prognostic value, but it is not clear, apart from markers of myocardial injury in the acute setting, how this could translate into improved clinical decision making.59