Dual injection is recommended for nearly all chronic total occlusion (CTO) percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to determine the optimal crossing strategy and guide wire advancement into the distal true lumen. Strategies that provide enhanced guide catheter support (such as long sheaths, large-bore guiding catheters, use of guide catheter extensions, and anchor techniques) are important for maximising the success rate and efficiency of CTO PCI. Use of a microcatheter or over-the-wire balloon is strongly recommended in CTO PCI for enhancing the penetrating power of the guidewire, enabling change in tip shape and allowing guidewire change (stiff CTO guidewires are not optimal for crossing non-occluded coronary segments). Adherence to a procedural strategy that standardises CTO technique and facilitates procedural success is recommended. Such a strategy would permit stepwise decision-making for antegrade and retrograde methods; inform guidewire selection; and incorporate alternative approaches for instances of initial failure. Given the paucity of long-term outcomes with use of novel crossing techniques (antegrade dissection/re-entry and retrograde), antegrade wire escalation is the preferred CTO crossing technique, if technically feasible. Using measures to minimise radiation exposure (including but not limited to use of 7.5 frames per second fluoroscopy and use of low magnification) and contrast administration is recommended. CTO PCI is best performed at centres with dedicated CTO PCI experience and expertise. Use of crossing difficulty prediction tools, such as the J-CTO score, can facilitate the selection of cases with a high likelihood of quick crossing that can be attempted at less experienced centres.
Alfredo Galassi - University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Aaron Grantham - Saint Luke’s Mid America Heart Institute and University of Missouri Kansas City, Missouri, US
David Kandzari - Piedmont Heart Institute, Atlanta, Georgia, US
William Lombardi - University of Washington, Seattle, US
Issam Moussa - Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, US
Craig Thompson - Boston Scientific, Natick, Massachusetts, US
Gerald Werner - Klinikum Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
Charles Chambers - Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, US
Emmanouil Brilakis - VA North Texas Healthcare System and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, US
The authors would like to thank Ms Sheila Agyeman for her invaluable effort in coordinating the manuscript creation process.
